When to eat a delicious look good, we often have to cook who be profuse in praise. Because after his treatment, the students become ripe, will not be able to eat a clove sweet and delicious food. This is a dynamic process, in this process, in addition to the chef's technology, there is an important "role" -- energy (heat), which is released by the combustion of the fuel, if there is no energy, what also do not taste good opinion. In human life, not only cooking cannot do without energy, the other one "cut change cannot do without energy. Both the chemical change or a physical change, any small change as well as the shape, location and so on, are accompanied by changes in the process of energy. From primitive human society development today civilization developed, colorful twist the diversity of the world, is the changes made in the condition of a large amount of energy consumption, under.
In today's society, a country to develop, improve the electrification, mechanization and automation level, improve the people's material and cultural living conditions, means to consume more energy. In other words, how much of a country's per capita energy consumption, can directly reflect the country's living level.
To sum up, "energy" is "to produce a change (effect)." conversely, produce some kind of change (effect) must be accompanied by consumption or conversion of energy.
At present, the human use of energy in various forms, but there are the following:
(1) mechanical energy. The mechanical energy has been learning in physics, which includes the kinetic and potential energy of the macro. Mechanical energy is the earliest human understanding by using energy, such as wind energy, hydro energy.
(2) heat. The team is microcosmic on look, the average heat for the molecular motion of moving energy, molecular motion including molecular movement, rotational and vibrational energy macro performance for the temperature.
. maximum heat resource on the earth should be more heat.
(3) electricity. The electricity is composed of charged objects suction (or repulsion) cause energy.
At present, the use of electric energy is mainly caused by chemical or mechanical energy conversion. In addition, electric energy can be converted by the photoelectric, or by thermal energy direct conversion (MHD). In nature, and lightning and other electrical energy.
(4). The object of radiant energy in the form of electromagnetic wave emitted energy is called the radiant energy per unit surface area. The object emitting energy of size Q = 9, 'T', of which, 6 for the Stephen - Pohl Seidman constant (8 = 5.67 × 10 - w / ('mz.K')), C as the object surface emissivity. In addition, there are fissile material emits electromagnetic radiation, such as. , 9PY. The sun is the biggest emitter.
(5) the chemical energy. The chemical energy is an energy chemical changes in the nucleus of timing out. The chemical used by us to have battery power or with positive and negative heat process. At present mainly rely on the world's energy consumption is an exothermic reaction, i.e.
C ten O 2 = C02 ten 32780kJ 8,
H2 ten o H20 ten 120370kJ / K8.
S ten oI = 2 ten 9050kJ 8 rib
From the above formula can be seen. The same quality of hydrogen combustion energy released by 3.66 times of carbon. Therefore, low calorific value of a mineral fuel from the hydrocarbon ratio XcM see, hydrocarbon ratio increasing, the calorific value is low. For example, the fuel is KcM = 6 - 9, bituminous coal under Cu = 12 A L 4, anthracite Kcu > 20, so the fuel calorific value is much higher than anthracite.
(6) nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is huge energy due to structural material in nuclear atoms change and release, also called nuclear energy. With 5 different energy the nuclear energy is, the compliance with the quality and energy conservation law, which is in accordance with Ai Bernsttein's law:
Q = AM.f2.
Among them, Q is the energy released, Am is a quality change 'is the speed of light.
Nuclear energy can be obtained from two different reaction:
The nuclear fission reaction. At present, mainly rely on the nuclear power plant in the reaction is
Dew U ten 6N x ten y ten n ten 200MeV 2,
The center for the neon x, y al XSH loss of quality for each reaction
A = 3.57 × 10 - "(8),
Per kilogram of lotion U 2.6 × Lo "atoms, so every kilogram Luo U complete response after release
The energy for the
Q = 2.6 x 10 "x 200 x 1.602 x 10 '
= 8.33 x 10'. (N / kg),
Released approximately equivalent to the 2800t of standard coal after the complete combustion of energy.
The nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fusion reactions used at present in the world of raw materials for the two isotopes of hydrogen, ErI and Pei. There are mainly two kinds of fusion reaction: a reaction against and first-class reaction. The ignition temperature of the former is 2xlo "C, maintain the operating temperature is 5 x 10" c * the latter the ignition temperature is 4.4 * 10 't', to maintain the operating temperature is 1 * l o '℃.
China's l 952 year hydrogen bomb explosion test, first fission reaction, the reaction time to a few millionths of a second, generate huge heat energy, so as to achieve the fusion reaction temperature, causing the fusion reaction. The reaction is
6:D 2:He ten 2p ten 25N ten 43.1MeV,
The reaction of loss of quality
DDm = 764X10 -% (8),
Energy and fission fusion reactions release the release of energy compared to
Urn - urn to k4.zz '6).
On that same quality raw material consumption, shoot, released by nuclear fusion reaction 422 times as much energy as the fission reaction. Each consumption of 1kg raw material for nuclear fusion, the heat generated is equivalent to about 11816t of standard coal combustion after release. |
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